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Introduction: Evaluating Personality Theories<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>What Is Personality?<br/>What Is a Theory?<br/>The Role of Personality Theory in Psychology<br/>The Evaluation of Personality Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions<br/>Basic Philosophical Assumptions<br/>Distinguishing Philosophical Assumptions from Scientific Statements<br/>Criteria for Evaluating Philosophical Assumptions<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Your Own Philosophical Assumptions<br/>Scientific Statements<br/>The Philosophical Basis of Science<br/>Recognizing Scientific Statements<br/>Some Basic Scientific Constructs<br/>Criteria for Evaluating Scientific Statements<br/>The Art of Personality Theories<br/>Assessment<br/>Thinking Critically: Evaluating Personality Theories<br/>Research<br/>Psychotherapy<br/>The Challenges of Evaluation<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. I THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH<br/>ch. 2 Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud. Contents note continued: Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Origins of Psychoanalysis<br/>The Discovery of Unconscious Forces<br/>The Psychoanalytic Method of Assessment and Research<br/>Thinking Critically: Free Association<br/>The Dynamics and Development of Personality<br/>The Importance of Sexuality<br/>The Psychosexual Stages of Development<br/>Thinking Critically: Memories: True or False?<br/>The Effects of the Psychosexual Stages<br/>The Structure of Personality<br/>The Id, Ego, and Superego<br/>The Relationship of the Id, Ego, and Superego to Consciousness<br/>The Ego's Defense Mechanisms<br/>Psychoanalysis<br/>Transference<br/>Thinking Critically: Identifying Defense Mechanisms<br/>The Analytic Process<br/>Empirical Validation of Psychoanalytic Concepts<br/>Twentieth Century Efforts<br/>Thinking Critically: Freud on Women and Women on Freud<br/>Neuropsychoanalytic Research<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Freud's Theory. Contents note continued: Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Freud<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. II THE NEOPSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH<br/>ch. 3 Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Carl Jung (1875-1961)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Nature and Structure of Personality<br/>Psychic Energy<br/>The Ego<br/>The Personal Unconscious and Its Complexes<br/>The Collective Unconscious<br/>Thinking Critically: Archetypes in Cultural Forms<br/>Psychological Types<br/>Self-Realization<br/>Synchronicity<br/>Individuation and Transcendence<br/>Jungian Psychotherapy<br/>Assessment and Research in Jung's Theory<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Jung's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Jung<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 4 Interpsychic Theories: Alfred Adler, Harry Stack Sullivan<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Alfred Adler (1870-1937)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Basic Concepts<br/>Thinking Critically: Birth Order and Personality. Contents note continued: Adlerian Psychotherapy<br/>Assessment and Research in Adler's Theory<br/>Thinking Critically: A License to Parent?<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Adler's Theory<br/>Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Basic Concepts<br/>Psychotherapy, Assessment, and Research<br/>Thinking Critically: Prototaxic, Parataxic, and Syntaxic Experience<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Sullivan's Theory<br/>Family Therapy<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Adler and Sullivan<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 5 Psychoanalytic Social Psychology: Karen Horney, Erich Fromm<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Karen Homey (1885-1952)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Basic Anxiety<br/>Neurotic Needs or Trends<br/>The Idealized Self<br/>Thinking Critically: Neurotic Needs, Modes, and Orientations<br/>Feminine Psychology<br/>Assessment and Research in Horney's Theory<br/>Attachment and Parenting Research<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Horney's Theory. Contents note continued: Erich Fromm (1900-1980)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Basic Human Conditions and Needs<br/>Character Orientations<br/>Assessment and Research in Fromm's Theory<br/>Thinking Critically: Terrorism<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Fromm's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Horney and Fromm<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. III MORE RECENT TRENDS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY<br/>ch. 6 Ego Analytic Psychology: Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, Dan McAdams<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Anna Freud (1895-1982)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Erik Erikson (1902-1994)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>An Enhanced Understanding of the Ego<br/>The Psychosocial Stages of Development<br/>Assessment and Research in Erikson's Theory<br/>Thinking Critically: The Life Cycle<br/>Empirical Research in Erikson's Theory<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Erikson's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Erikson<br/>Dan McAdams (1954- )<br/>Biographical Background. Contents note continued: Thinking Critically: Generativity: How Do You Measure Up?<br/>Thinking Critically: Your Life Story<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 7 Human Relations: Object Relations Theory, Relational-Cultural Theory<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Object Relations Theory<br/>Melanie Klein (1882-1960)<br/>Margaret Mahler (1897-1985)<br/>Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)<br/>Otto Kernberg (1928- )<br/>Nancy Chodorow (1944- )<br/>Thinking Critically: Families Today<br/>Relational-Cultural Theory<br/>Shifting the Paradigm<br/>Psychotherapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Disconnections and Connections<br/>Other Applications<br/>The Neurobiological Basis of Relationships<br/>Thinking Critically: Serial Testimony<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Human Relations Theories<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Human Relations Theories<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. IV BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING THEORIES. Contents note continued: ch. 8 Experimental Analysis Of Behavior: John Dollard and Neal Miller, B.F. Skinner<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>The Experimental Analysis of Behavior<br/>John Dollard (1900-1980) and Neal Miller (1909-2002)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Habits, Drives, and the Learning Process<br/>Frustration and Conflict<br/>Thinking Critically: Personal Conflicts<br/>The Integration of Learning Theory and Psychoanalysis<br/>Psychotherapy<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Dollard and Miller's Theory<br/>B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>A Theory of Personality Without Personality<br/>The Development of Behavior Through Learning<br/>Schedules and Types of Reinforcement<br/>Thinking Critically: Classical and Operant Conditioning in Your Life<br/>Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change<br/>Social Utopias<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Skinner's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Dollard and Miller and Skinner<br/>Conclusions<br/>Summary. Contents note continued: Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 9 Social Learning Theories: Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Albert Bandura (1925- )<br/>Biographical Background<br/>An Agentic Perspective<br/>Triadic Reciprocal Causation<br/>Learning Through Observation<br/>Aggression, Inhumane Behavior, and Moral Disengagement<br/>Self-Efficacy<br/>Thinking Critically: Moral Disengagement and Reprehensible Conduct<br/>Psychotherapy and Behavior Modification<br/>Thinking Critically: Developing Self-Regulation<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Bandura's Theory<br/>Julian Rotter (1916- )<br/>Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement<br/>Predicting Behavior<br/>Walter Mischel (1930- )<br/>Behavior Specificity<br/>A Cognitive-Affective Personality System<br/>A Biological Basis for Self-Regulation and Delay of Gratification<br/>Thinking Critically: Behavioral Signatures<br/>Conclusions<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel. Contents note continued: Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. V DISPOSITIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PERSONALITY<br/>ch. 10 Traits And Personology: Gordon Allport, Henry Murray<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Gordon Allport (1897-1967)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Nature of Personality<br/>Traits<br/>Thinking Critically: Central Dispositions<br/>The Proprium<br/>Functional Autonomy<br/>A Definition of Maturity<br/>Assessment and Research in Allport's Theory<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Allport's Theory<br/>Henry Murray (1893-1988)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Study of Personology<br/>Human Needs<br/>Thinking Critically: Evaluating Needs<br/>Assessment and Research in Murray's Theory<br/>Thinking Critically: The Thematic Apperception Test<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Murray's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Allport and Murray<br/>Conclusions<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences. Contents note continued: ch. 11 Factor Analytic, Genetic And Evolutionary Theories: Raymond Cattell, The Big Five Personality Traits, Genetic and Evolutionary Developments<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Cattell's Definition of Personality<br/>Surface Traits Versus Source Traits<br/>Assessment and Research in Cattell's Theory<br/>The Big Five Personality Traits<br/>The Study of Language<br/>The Study of Personality Questionnaires and Ratings<br/>Differences Between the Big Five and the Five-Factor Model<br/>Five-Factor Theory<br/>Applications of the Big Five and the Five-Factor Model and Theory<br/>Implications for Diagnosis of Dysfunctional Behavior<br/>Thinking Critically: How Abnormal Is Abnormal?<br/>Genetics and Evolutionary Developments<br/>The Genetic Influence on Traits<br/>Applications of Genetic Research<br/>Evolutionary Psychology Theory. Contents note continued: Thinking Critically: Using a Genogram to Chart Personality Traits in Your Family Tree<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Factor Analytic Trait Theories<br/>Thinking Critically: Should We Selectively Breed Humans?<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Cattell and the Big Five Theorists<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 12 Biological Traits: Hans Eysenck<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Hans Eysenck (1916-1997)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Historical Predecessors<br/>Constructing a Model of Personality<br/>The Identification of Superfactors<br/>The Hierarchical Model of Personality<br/>Comparisons with Cattell and the Big Five<br/>The Measurement of Traits<br/>Looking for Causal Agents of Behavior<br/>Eysenck's Hypothetical Causal Explanations<br/>Thinking Critically: The Lemon Test<br/>New Research on Brain Functioning<br/>The Biological Basis of Behavior and Neurosis<br/>Intelligence<br/>Applications of Eysenck's Theory<br/>Education. Contents note continued: Thinking Critically: Study Places<br/>Creativity<br/>Personality, Biology, and Genetics<br/>Psychotherapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Measuring the Efficacy of Psychotherapy<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Eysenck's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Eysenck's Theory<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. VI HUMANISTIC AND EXISTENTIAL THEORIES<br/>ch. 13 Humanism: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Human Motivation: A Hierarchical Theory<br/>The Study of Self-Actualized Persons<br/>Thinking Critically: Who's Among the Self-Actualized?<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Maslow's Theory<br/>Carl Rogers (1902-1987)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Rogers's Theory of Personality<br/>Psychotherapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Friendlier Arguments: Using Reflection to Resolve Conflicts<br/>Changes in Rogers's View of Therapy<br/>Assessment and Research in Rogers's Theory. Contents note continued: Philosophy, Science, and Art: Rogers's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Maslow and Rogers<br/>Positive Psychology<br/>Transpersonal Psychology<br/>Thinking Critically: War and Our Comfort Level<br/>Thinking Critically: Should Psychologists Study Spirituality?<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 14 Existential Psychoanalysis: Rollo May<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Rollo May (1909-1994)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Existential Attitude<br/>Our Predicament<br/>Powerlessness<br/>Anxiety<br/>The Loss of Values<br/>Rediscovering Selfhood<br/>Thinking Critically: Is Privacy an Obsolete Value?<br/>Ontological Assumptions Concerning the Person<br/>Rediscovering Feelings<br/>Four Stages of Consciousness of Self<br/>The Goals of Integration<br/>The Daimonic<br/>Power<br/>Love and Sex<br/>Intentionality<br/>Freedom and Destiny<br/>Courage and Creativity<br/>A Cry for Myth<br/>Thinking Critically: Cultural Myths and the Media<br/>Psychotherapy. Contents note continued: Assessment and Research in May's Theory<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: May's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining May<br/>Social Media<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. VII COGNITIVE THEORIES<br/>ch. 15 Personal CONSTRUCTS: George Kelly<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>George Kelly (1905-1967)<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Person as Scientist<br/>Constructive Alternativism<br/>Thinking Critically: How We Behave as Scientists<br/>Fundamental Postulate and Corollaries<br/>The Reconstruction of Old Concepts<br/>Assessment and Research in Kelly's Theory<br/>Psychotherapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Assessing Personal Constructs: The Rep Test<br/>Thinking Critically: Role-Playing<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Kelly's Theory<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Kelly<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>ch. 16 Cognitive-Behavioral Theories: Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Arnold Lazarus<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Albert Ellis (1913-2007). Contents note continued: Biographical Background<br/>Philosophical Origins<br/>The Theory of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)<br/>Rational Emotive Behavior Psychotherapy<br/>Thinking Critically: A Self-Help Form<br/>Aaron Beck (1921- )<br/>Biographical Background<br/>Philosophical Origins<br/>The Theory Behind Cognitive Therapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Automatic Thoughts Diary<br/>Cognitive Psychotherapy<br/>Assessment and Research in Beck's Theory<br/>Arnold Lazarus (1932- )<br/>Biographical Background<br/>The Development of a Theory and the BASIC-ID<br/>Theory of Personality<br/>Multimodal Therapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Using the BASIC-ID<br/>Technical Eclecticism<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Cognitive Behavioral Therapies and Theories<br/>Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Ellis, Beck, and Lazarus<br/>Mindfulness<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>pt. VIII A NON-WESTERN APPROACH<br/>ch. 17 Zen Buddhism<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>The Introduction of Zen to the West. Contents note continued: The Origins of Zen<br/>The Teachings of the Buddha<br/>Dependent Origination<br/>The Three Characteristics of Existence<br/>Vasubandhu and the Eight Consciousnesses<br/>Bodhidharma and the Transmission of Zen to China<br/>The Practice of Zen<br/>Thinking Critically: Meditation<br/>Five Approaches to Zen Practice<br/>Enlightenment<br/>Eastern Thought and Psychotherapy<br/>Thinking Critically: Mindfulness and the Search for a Higher Synthesis<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Eastern Theories<br/>Summary<br/>Personal Experiences<br/>CONCLUSION/PERSONALITY THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE<br/>Your Goals For This Chapter<br/>Philosophy, Science, and Art: Personality Theories<br/>Philosophical Issues<br/>The Challenge of Contemporary Personality Theorizing<br/>Summary |